The Cultural and Historical Legacy of Indigenous Languages: past perfect y vocabulario (Inglés 3)
Actualizado el 6 min de lectura 26 ejercicios resueltos
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En The Cultural and Historical Legacy of Indigenous Languages escribes un texto argumentativo para un compendio de cuentos, dichos y refranes en español y en una lengua indígena de tu región. Para contar la historia de una lengua necesitas ordenar sucesos del pasado, y para eso sirve el past perfect: la acción que ocurrió antes de otra acción pasada.
En tu libro: este proyecto está en las páginas 60 a 69 de Projects and Readings. Third Grade (SEP). El vocabulario está en la página 63 y la gramática en las páginas 65 y 67.
De qué trata el proyecto
El texto de la página 60, The Importance of Our Indigenous Languages, explica que, según el Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (Inali), en México se hablan 364 variantes lingüísticas de 68 agrupaciones, que pertenecen a 11 familias lingüísticas. Las lenguas indígenas expresan cómo cada pueblo interpreta el mundo y se transmiten de generación en generación, por eso forman parte del legado de la humanidad.
La página 64 propone, siguiendo a la Asociación de Escritores en Lenguas Indígenas, producir materiales multilingües para preservar estas lenguas, e incluye una frase en náhuatl: Kani tiwalaj, ma titlajtokan totlajtol nochipa («A donde vayamos, hablemos siempre nuestra lengua»).
Vocabulario del proyecto
| English | Español | Ejemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Indigenous | indígena | Náhuatl is an Indigenous language. |
| heritage | herencia, patrimonio | Our language is part of our cultural heritage. |
| legacy | legado | Indigenous languages are a precious legacy. |
| ancestors | antepasados | Our ancestors passed down these stories. |
| variant | variante | A variant is a version spoken in a specific area. |
| endangered | en peligro de desaparecer | Some languages are endangered. |
| to promote | promover | We can promote our language by speaking it. |
| saying | dicho | “Wherever we go, let’s speak our language” is a saying. |
| proverb | refrán | Every culture has its own proverbs. |
Página 63: completa con las palabras del recuadro
Escribe la palabra del recuadro que completa cada oración
a) In my community, we speak an Indigenous besides Spanish.
b) Protecting our Indigenous languages is important because they are part of our cultural .
c) Many Indigenous languages have unique , like stories and songs, passed down by our .
d) Indigenous languages are used for , cultural, and political .
e) Spanish has been influenced by many languages, like Náhuatl.
f) The knowledge of a language is a precious .
g) Some Indigenous languages are due to the lack of speakers.
h) We can the use of our Indigenous language by speaking it at home.
i) Many Indigenous languages have a rich history.
j) A of an Indigenous language is a different version spoken in a specific area.
Ver respuestas
a) In my community, we speak an Indigenous language besides Spanish.
b) Protecting our Indigenous languages is important because they are part of our cultural heritage.
c) Many Indigenous languages have unique traditions, like stories and songs, passed down by our ancestors.
d) Indigenous languages are used for artistic, cultural, and political expressions.
e) Spanish has been influenced by many Indigenous languages, like Náhuatl.
f) The knowledge of a language is a precious legacy.
g) Some Indigenous languages are endangered due to the lack of speakers.
h) We can promote the use of our Indigenous language by speaking it at home.
i) Many Indigenous languages have a rich cultural history.
j) A variant of an Indigenous language is a different version spoken in a specific area.
Toca una palabra del recuadro y se escribe en el espacio en el que estás.
Gramática: past perfect
El past perfect se forma con had + el verbo en participio pasado (finished, spoken, eaten, done). Es igual para todas las personas: I had, she had, they had.
Se usa para dejar claro qué pasó primero cuando hablas de dos acciones en el pasado:
| Primero (past perfect) | Después (simple past) |
|---|---|
| We had finished our homework | before the movie started. |
| My grandparents had spoken an Indigenous language | before Spanish became more common. |
- We had finished our homework before the movie started.
- When we arrived, the ceremony had already begun.
- Had Grandma learned this recipe from her grandma?
En negativo se usa hadn’t (had not): They hadn’t heard that language before. Las palabras before, after, when, by the time y already aparecen mucho con este tiempo.
Página 65: ¿qué pasó primero?
Escribe qué ocurrió primero y qué ocurrió después
a) My parents had learned a few words in Náhuatl before they moved to a new town. → My parents first, and then .
b) The older adults had shared many stories about their culture before the community center closed. → The older adults first, and then .
Ver respuestas
a) My parents had learned a few words in Náhuatl before they moved to a new town. → My parents learned a few words in Náhuatl first, and then they moved to a new town.
b) The older adults had shared many stories about their culture before the community center closed. → The older adults shared many stories about their culture first, and then the community center closed.
Página 67: la historia del náhuatl (Writing)
Escribe el verbo en past perfect
a) Before the arrival of the Spanish, the Aztecs (develop) a complex writing system to record their history and culture.
b) By the 18th century, the use of Náhuatl (decline) significantly due to the dominance of Spanish.
c) Unfortunately, many people (stop) speaking Náhuatl fluently before the Mexican War of Independence began.
d) By the 16th century, the Spanish (take over) most of Mesoamerica, an action that (disrupt) the use of many Indigenous languages, including Náhuatl.
Ver respuestas
a) Before the arrival of the Spanish, the Aztecs had developed (develop) a complex writing system to record their history and culture.
b) By the 18th century, the use of Náhuatl had declined (decline) significantly due to the dominance of Spanish.
c) Unfortunately, many people had stopped (stop) speaking Náhuatl fluently before the Mexican War of Independence began.
d) By the 16th century, the Spanish had taken over (take over) most of Mesoamerica, an action that had disrupted (disrupt) the use of many Indigenous languages, including Náhuatl.
Take es irregular: su participio es taken. En el inciso a), el libro escribe el verbo como «(developed)»; la forma base es develop.
Practica más
¿Past perfect o simple past?
Ver respuestas
When I arrived at the party, my friends had already left.
Se fueron antes de que yo llegara.
She had spoken Zapotec before she learned Spanish.
After we had collected the stories, we wrote the compendium.
By 1900, many Indigenous communities had lost their land.
Ordena las palabras
- .
- .
- ?
Ver respuestas
- They had translated the proverbs before the book was printed.
- My grandmother had never seen a computer.
- Had you heard Mixtec before this project?
Comprueba lo aprendido
1. ¿Cómo se forma el past perfect?
Con had + el verbo en participio pasado, igual para todas las personas: I had finished, she had spoken, they had gone.
2. En «The class had started when I arrived», ¿qué pasó primero?
Primero empezó la clase (had started, past perfect) y después llegué (arrived, simple past).
3. ¿Cuántas variantes lingüísticas indígenas hay en México según el Inali?
364 variantes lingüísticas, de 68 agrupaciones y 11 familias lingüísticas.
Temas relacionados: las civilizaciones mesoamericanas en historia de México.
Referencias
- Secretaría de Educación Pública (2025). Uérakua anapu uantakua. Projects and Readings. Third Grade. Secondary. SEP, pp. 60-69.
- Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (2008). Catálogo de las lenguas indígenas nacionales. Diario Oficial de la Federación.
- Murphy, R. (2019). English Grammar in Use (5.ª ed.). Cambridge University Press, unidad 15.
